Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the African-American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States and he is frequently referenced as a human rights icon today. King is recognized as a martyr by two Christian churches.
Martin Luther King, Jr., was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the son of the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King.
Growing up in Atlanta, King attended Booker T. Washington High School. He skipped ninth and twelfth grade, and entered Morehouse College at age fifteen without formally graduating from high school. In 1948, he graduated from Morehouse with a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology, and enrolled in Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Divinity degree in 1951. King then began doctoral studies in systematic theology at Boston University and received his Doctor of Philosophy on June 5, 1955. A 1980s inquiry concluded portions of his dissertation had been plagiarized and he had acted improperly but that his dissertation still "makes an intelligent contribution to scholarship."
King married Coretta Scott, on June 18, 1953, on the lawn of her parents' house in her hometown of Heiberger, Alabama. King and Scott had four children; Yolanda King, Martin Luther King III, Dexter Scott King, and Bernice King. King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama when he was twenty-five years old in 1954.
In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent means. By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and opposing the Vietnam War, both from a religious perspective. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004; Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. national holiday in 1986.
Selasa, 27 Oktober 2009
David Livingstone
David Livingstone (19 March 1813–1 May 1873) was a Scottish Congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and explorer in Africa.
Livingstone was born on March 19, 1813 in the mill town of Blantyre, beside the bridge crossing into Bothwell, Lanarkshire, Scotland, into a Protestant family. David, along with many of the Livingstones, was at the age of ten employed in the cotton mill of H. Monteith - David and brother John working 12-hour days as "piecers," tying broken cotton threads on the spinning machines. The mill offered their workers schooling of which David took advantage.
Livingstone attended Blantyre village school along with the few other mill children with the endurance to do so, but a family with a strong, ongoing commitment to study also reinforced his education.After reading Gutzlaff's appeal for medical missionaries for China in 1834, he began saving money and in 1836 entered Anderson's College in Glasgow. Shortly after he applied to join the London Missionary Society (LMS) and was accepted subject to missionary training. He continued his medical studies in London while training there and in Essex to be a minister under LMS.
Livingstone was assigned to Kuruman by the LMS and sailed in December 1840, arriving at Moffat's mission, now part of South Africa, in July 1841. Upon arrival, Livingstone was disappointed at the unexpectedly small size of the village and an indigenous Christian population, after Moffat's twenty years of work, of only about forty communicants and a congregation of 350. Reasoning that conversions would be more likely if the missionaries were themselves indigenous converts, Livingstone rapidly attached himself to the plans of missionary Rogers Edwards to found a mission farther north in territory increasingly disturbed by traders, hunters, and African settlers.Dr. Robert Moffat arrived in Kuruman with his family in December 1843, and shortly afterward Livingstone married Moffat's eldest daughter Mary on January 2 1845. She was also Scottish but had lived in Africa since she was four.
As Livingstone began to plan for new missionary initiatives, he recognized the difficulties presented by his growing family, and in 1849 he sent his family (now including daughter Agnes and sons Robert and Thomas) back to Kuruman as he planned further inland travels. Later Mary and David's family returned to England, but came to Africa again on the Zambezi Expedition.
Livingstone completely lost contact with the outside world for six years and was ill for most of the last four years of his life.Livingstone was determined not to leave Africa until his mission was complete. His illness made him confused and he had judgment difficulties at the end of his life.
David Livingstone died in that area in Chief Chitambo's village at Ilala southeast of Lake Bangweulu in Zambia, on 1 May 1873 from malaria and internal bleeding caused by dysentery. He took his final breaths while kneeling in prayer at his bedside. (His journal indicates that the date of his death would have been 1 May, but his attendants noted the date as 4 May, which they carved on a tree and later reported; this is the date on his grave.) Britain wanted the body to give it a proper ceremony, but the tribe would not give his body to them. Finally they relented, but cut the heart out and put a note on the body that said, "You can have his body, but his heart belongs in Africa!"
Livingstone was born on March 19, 1813 in the mill town of Blantyre, beside the bridge crossing into Bothwell, Lanarkshire, Scotland, into a Protestant family. David, along with many of the Livingstones, was at the age of ten employed in the cotton mill of H. Monteith - David and brother John working 12-hour days as "piecers," tying broken cotton threads on the spinning machines. The mill offered their workers schooling of which David took advantage.
Livingstone attended Blantyre village school along with the few other mill children with the endurance to do so, but a family with a strong, ongoing commitment to study also reinforced his education.After reading Gutzlaff's appeal for medical missionaries for China in 1834, he began saving money and in 1836 entered Anderson's College in Glasgow. Shortly after he applied to join the London Missionary Society (LMS) and was accepted subject to missionary training. He continued his medical studies in London while training there and in Essex to be a minister under LMS.
Livingstone was assigned to Kuruman by the LMS and sailed in December 1840, arriving at Moffat's mission, now part of South Africa, in July 1841. Upon arrival, Livingstone was disappointed at the unexpectedly small size of the village and an indigenous Christian population, after Moffat's twenty years of work, of only about forty communicants and a congregation of 350. Reasoning that conversions would be more likely if the missionaries were themselves indigenous converts, Livingstone rapidly attached himself to the plans of missionary Rogers Edwards to found a mission farther north in territory increasingly disturbed by traders, hunters, and African settlers.Dr. Robert Moffat arrived in Kuruman with his family in December 1843, and shortly afterward Livingstone married Moffat's eldest daughter Mary on January 2 1845. She was also Scottish but had lived in Africa since she was four.
As Livingstone began to plan for new missionary initiatives, he recognized the difficulties presented by his growing family, and in 1849 he sent his family (now including daughter Agnes and sons Robert and Thomas) back to Kuruman as he planned further inland travels. Later Mary and David's family returned to England, but came to Africa again on the Zambezi Expedition.
Livingstone completely lost contact with the outside world for six years and was ill for most of the last four years of his life.Livingstone was determined not to leave Africa until his mission was complete. His illness made him confused and he had judgment difficulties at the end of his life.
David Livingstone died in that area in Chief Chitambo's village at Ilala southeast of Lake Bangweulu in Zambia, on 1 May 1873 from malaria and internal bleeding caused by dysentery. He took his final breaths while kneeling in prayer at his bedside. (His journal indicates that the date of his death would have been 1 May, but his attendants noted the date as 4 May, which they carved on a tree and later reported; this is the date on his grave.) Britain wanted the body to give it a proper ceremony, but the tribe would not give his body to them. Finally they relented, but cut the heart out and put a note on the body that said, "You can have his body, but his heart belongs in Africa!"
Senin, 12 Oktober 2009
School pupil, 90, dies in Kenya
Kimani Nganga Maruge, who held the Guinness World Record for being the oldest person to start primary school at the age of 84, has died in Nairobi aged 90. He kept hard at his studies and had two years left to finish his primary education.
Mr Maruge, a veteran of the Mau Mau independence movement, never had the opportunity to go to school when he was younger. The father-of-five said he wanted to learn how to read the Bible for himself and he was also suspicious that he might not have been getting his full pension so he was also keen to study maths.
Mumbi Kamuri, head of Cheshire Homes in Kenya where Mr Maruge spent the last year of his life, told the BBC he was dedicated to his studies right to the end. "Even aftere he was diagnosed with cancer in February he asked for teachers to teach him at home," she said.
"He was a very courageous man," she said. "Even if you don't see it through to the end, you will still have achieved something."
In 2005, he travelled to the United States where he called on world leaders attending a summit to make education for the poor a priority. The BBC's Will Ross in Nairobi says he will be remembered by many people as an inspirational figure who brought new meaning to the phrase, "it's never too late".
source: http://news.bbc.co.uk
Mr Maruge, a veteran of the Mau Mau independence movement, never had the opportunity to go to school when he was younger. The father-of-five said he wanted to learn how to read the Bible for himself and he was also suspicious that he might not have been getting his full pension so he was also keen to study maths.
Mumbi Kamuri, head of Cheshire Homes in Kenya where Mr Maruge spent the last year of his life, told the BBC he was dedicated to his studies right to the end. "Even aftere he was diagnosed with cancer in February he asked for teachers to teach him at home," she said.
"He was a very courageous man," she said. "Even if you don't see it through to the end, you will still have achieved something."
In 2005, he travelled to the United States where he called on world leaders attending a summit to make education for the poor a priority. The BBC's Will Ross in Nairobi says he will be remembered by many people as an inspirational figure who brought new meaning to the phrase, "it's never too late".
source: http://news.bbc.co.uk
Selasa, 25 Agustus 2009
Sergey dan Larry, Tokoh di Balik "Google"
Sejak tahun 1998, Google.com muncul dan kini dianggap sebagai mesin pencari terbaik di dunia. Namun, jalan Sergey dan Larry. pencipta google.com, tentulah tidak mudah. Untuk mewujudkan Google, mereka harus meninggalkan kuliah pada program doktor komputer di Stanford.
"Saya kecewa. Bukankah mahasiswa meraih gelar doktor lebih dulu baru bekerja?" Demikian kata Genia Brin, ibu Larry.
Namun, Sergey dan Larry sangat yakin, ide mereka berguna bagi banyak orangt danbisa membuat orang menemukan apa saja yang diinginkan lewat internet. Mereka terus berkutat mewujudkan ide mereka.
Ternyata, lingkungan kedua orang ini adalah orang-orang intelek. Contohnya, Ayah Sergey, Michael Brin, adalah doktor matematika lulusan Universitas Moskwa, Rusia.
Pada akhir tahun 1990-an, tak ada yang peduli dengan mesin pencari (search engine) di tengah hadirnya American Online (AOL) dan Yahoo!, yang sudah meraup untung besar dengan menawarkan produk e-mail, berita, ramalan cuaca, dan sebagainya.
Belum sukses menjadi situs pencetak uang tak membuat mereka mundur. Namun, seiring dengan berjalannya waktu, Google sudah banyak dijelajahi orang. Kini, sekitar 300 juta orang membuka Google setiap hari. Setidaknya Google bisa diakses dalam 88 bahasa, termasuk google baswa jawa (berbahasa Jawa).
Google lalu ditawari AOL iklan senilai satu miliar dollar AS atas kesediaan Google menampilkan iklan pada lembaran keomputer, seiring dengan tampilnya informasi yang Anda cari di Google. Bahkan Wall Street, bursa saham AS, kemudian berebutan atas saham Google. yang kini di atas 500 dollar AS per lembar.
"Menjadi yang terbaik tidak menjadikan kami terlena. Itu malah tantangan," kata Larry, Presiden Produk Google.
"Kesederhanaan (simplicity) web adalah yang disukai penjelajah internet. Kami ingin menawarkan web yang tidak saja ingin mencari informasi, tetapi web yang menyenangkan," kata Sergey, Presiden Teknologi Google.
Disadur dari "SOSOK" Kompas, Oleh Simon Saragih.
"Saya kecewa. Bukankah mahasiswa meraih gelar doktor lebih dulu baru bekerja?" Demikian kata Genia Brin, ibu Larry.
Namun, Sergey dan Larry sangat yakin, ide mereka berguna bagi banyak orangt danbisa membuat orang menemukan apa saja yang diinginkan lewat internet. Mereka terus berkutat mewujudkan ide mereka.
Ternyata, lingkungan kedua orang ini adalah orang-orang intelek. Contohnya, Ayah Sergey, Michael Brin, adalah doktor matematika lulusan Universitas Moskwa, Rusia.
Pada akhir tahun 1990-an, tak ada yang peduli dengan mesin pencari (search engine) di tengah hadirnya American Online (AOL) dan Yahoo!, yang sudah meraup untung besar dengan menawarkan produk e-mail, berita, ramalan cuaca, dan sebagainya.
Belum sukses menjadi situs pencetak uang tak membuat mereka mundur. Namun, seiring dengan berjalannya waktu, Google sudah banyak dijelajahi orang. Kini, sekitar 300 juta orang membuka Google setiap hari. Setidaknya Google bisa diakses dalam 88 bahasa, termasuk google baswa jawa (berbahasa Jawa).
Google lalu ditawari AOL iklan senilai satu miliar dollar AS atas kesediaan Google menampilkan iklan pada lembaran keomputer, seiring dengan tampilnya informasi yang Anda cari di Google. Bahkan Wall Street, bursa saham AS, kemudian berebutan atas saham Google. yang kini di atas 500 dollar AS per lembar.
"Menjadi yang terbaik tidak menjadikan kami terlena. Itu malah tantangan," kata Larry, Presiden Produk Google.
"Kesederhanaan (simplicity) web adalah yang disukai penjelajah internet. Kami ingin menawarkan web yang tidak saja ingin mencari informasi, tetapi web yang menyenangkan," kata Sergey, Presiden Teknologi Google.
Disadur dari "SOSOK" Kompas, Oleh Simon Saragih.
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